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After a crisis, broad-sweeping reforms are enacted to restore trust. With the 2013 Fourth Capital Requirements Directive (CRD IV), the European Union has engaged in an ambitious overhaul of banking regulation following the Great Financial Crisis. Part of it tackles the perceived failings of banks? governance. We focus on various provisions that aim to reshape bank boards?
composition, functioning, and liabilities, and argue that they
are unlikely to improve bank boards? effectiveness and to prevent excessive risk-taking.
All in all, these rules may well negatively affect EU banks? governance. We conclude that
European policymakers and supervisors should avoid using a heavy hand, respectively when issuing rules implementing CRD IV provisions on bank boards and when enforcing them.
We construct measures of firms' beliefs about climate regulation, plans for future abatement, and current emissions mitigation from responses to the...
Over more than forty years, the European Union (formerly the European Community) has enacted a large number of directives aimed at harmonising company...