We develop a theory of optimal bank leverage in which the benefit of debt in inducing
loan monitoring is balanced against the benefit of equity in attenuating risk-shifting.
However, faced with socially-costly correlated bank failures, regulators bail out creditors.
Anticipation of this generates multiple equilibria, including one with systemic risk in which
banks use excessive leverage to fund correlated, inefficiently risky loans. Limiting leverage and resolving both moral hazards?insufficient loan monitoring and asset substitution?requires a novel two-tiered capital requirement, including a ?special capital account? that is unavailable to creditors upon failure.
The EU Takeover Bids Directive was passed twenty years ago with the main objective of promoting a single European takeover market. The primary mechanism...
In recent times, there has been an unprecedented surge in national security review (NSR) measures, with host jurisdictions implementing restrictions...
We examine the effects of the sudden abolition of trading commissions by major online brokerages in 2019, which lowered stock market entry costs for...