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We study the real effects of environmental activist investing. Using plant-level data, we find that targeted firms reduce their toxic releases, greenhouse gas emissions, and cancer-causing pollution. Improvements in air quality within a one-mile radius of targeted plants suggest potentially important externalities to local economies.
These improvements come through increased capital expenditures on new abatement initiatives. We rule out alternative explanations of decline in production, reporting biases, and forms of selection, while also providing evidence supporting the external validity of environmental activism. Overall, our study suggests that engagements are an effective tool for long-term shareholders to address climate change risks.
A growing number of studies suggest that common ownership caused cooperation among firms to increase and competition to decrease. We take a closer look...
We develop a model of freeze-out merger and tender offers and test it in an economy where merger and tender regulation are extremely different. Using a...